Skip to main content
Download PDF

Mediating effects of shoulder-arm exercise on the postoperative severity of symptoms and quality of life of women with breast cancer

BMC Women's Health volume 20, Article number: 101 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The postoperative severity of symptoms among women with breast cancer affects their quality of life (QoL). Although it is recommended that performing shoulder-arm exercise 30 min/day can alleviate symptoms and improve the QoL, there is little research on the mediating effects of performing shoulder-arm exercise 30 min/day on the postoperative severity of symptoms and QoL among patients with breast cancer.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted 2 ~ 4 months after surgery on women diagnosed with breast cancer but with no distant metastasis and who had undergone breast cancer surgery for the first time. A structured questionnaire was employed which included a severity of symptoms scale, performing shoulder-arm exercise for 30 min/day, a QoL scale, demographic characteristics, and medical status.

Results

In total, 117 women with breast cancer completed the survey. The severity of symptoms and performing shoulder-arm exercise 30 min/day separately affected the QoL (B = -0.447, standard error (SE) = 0.050, p < 0.001; B = 15.666, SE = 4.542, p = 0.001, respectively). In model 3, performing shoulder-arm exercise for 30 min/day played a partial mediating role in the relationship of the severity of symptoms and QoL (R2 = 0.51, F = 5.41, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

During 2 ~ 4 months after surgery, regular shoulder-arm exercise for 30 min/day could decrease the effect of the severity of symptoms on the QoL among women with breast cancer. Clinical healthcare providers may inform and educate patients as to the benefits of regular shoulder-arm exercise for 30 min/day.

Peer Review reports

Background

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and also the leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide [1]. In order to prolong survival times, women with breast cancer usually undergo surgery (i.e., a modified radical mastectomy (MRM) or breast-conserving therapy (BCT)) [2]. Much research investigating symptom interference has been conducted in breast cancer patients, especially on the physical well-being and quality of life (QoL) within 15 months after a diagnosis [3]. Commonly reported severe symptoms that interfere with patients’ lives include fatigue, pain, sleep disturbances, lymphedema, and arm weakness after surgery to 3 months of follow-up because of chronic and progressive swelling and recurrent skin infections. A past study showed that the worst QoL was observed in the first month after surgery, and having less-severe symptoms was one of the predictors of positive QoL trends in 3 months following surgery [4]. When assessing the severity of symptoms, it is important to gauge to what extent symptoms interfere with a patient’s life and QoL in order to understand how patients manage and cope with their symptoms.

The ability to perform activities of daily life (ADLs) and levels of functionality are essential to determining the QoL of breast cancer survivors. In particular, adverse effects of treatment (e.g., pain and fatigue) can interfere with one’s functional capacity (FC) and directly affect one’s QoL [5]. So, persistent FC and QoL should be discussed longitudinally among breast cancer patients after surgery, especially including all activities and exercises [6].

Recent comprehensive research indicated that shoulder-arm exercise training after surgical treatment may prevent and reduce complaints of lymphedema and limited shoulder joint movement, thereby simultaneously promoting the QoL [7,8,9,10,11,12]. A past study showed that there was higher severity of symptoms at 3 months after surgery which was negatively related to shoulder-arm exercise and shoulder function [13]. But the rate of performing shoulder-arm exercise in patients after breast cancer surgery was only 37.1% [14]. Reasons for developing lymphedema caused by a lack of shoulder-arm exercise were a failure to follow recommendations and insufficient information [15]. Exercise rehabilitation can be an effective self-management strategy to control cancer treatment-related symptoms and promote the QoL, including shoulder range of motion (ROM) [6, 7]. The benefits of shoulder-arm exercise are imperative to ameliorate the effects of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. However, no study has been conducted to investigate the potential mediating effect of shoulder-arm exercise on the severity of symptoms and QoL. We attempted to extend our knowledge of symptom experiences of patients with breast cancer in order to improve their QoL in the postoperative 2 ~ 4-month period. To understand this phenomenon, the aims of this study were to investigate relationships of performing shoulder-arm exercise with the postoperative severity of symptoms and QoL among women with breast cancer during 2 ~ 4 months after surgery.

Methods

Study design and procedures

This study used a cross-sectional approach. Research participants were from the outpatient departments of two teaching hospitals, and procedures were reviewed and approved by the two hospitals’ Institutional Review Boards (Cathay General Hospital-IRB, and Taipei Medical University Hospital-IRB). All participants were provided an explanation of the study, and written informed consent was obtained prior to recruitment. The questionnaire was filled out and collected in a clinical setting.

Participants and sample size

Inclusion criteria for the study were women: (1) with breast cancer who had received sentinel node biopsies and a pathological report indicating no distant metastasis and who had received axillary node dissection; (2) who had not received breast reconstruction in those with shoulder-arm restriction within 6 weeks of having received surgery; (3) who were currently in the 2nd ~ 4th months after cancer surgery; (4) who were ≥ 18 years of age and with clear consciousness; and (5) who were able to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese. Exclusion criteria were women who had a history of mental illness.

To obtain a power of 0.80, with an effect size, F2, of 0.15, alpha of 0.05, and number of predictors of 9, the sample size calculation for statistical significance with a linear multiple regression was performed. The total sample size needed was determined to be 114. All participants received postoperative education on performing shoulder-arm exercises, and began performing shoulder-arm exercises 30 min/day, including climbing a wall, rope movement, pulley movement, and shoulder-angle movement [7]. The study initially approached 123 postoperative women with breast cancer who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six of the women expressed no interest in participating, and ultimately 117 women with breast cancer completed the questionnaire. The attrition rate was 91%.

Demographic characteristics and medical status

Demographic data included age and educational level. The medical status included tumor size, lymph node involvement, type of surgery (MRM or BCT), time after surgery, and treatment received after surgery.

Functional living index-Cancer (FLIC)

The FLIC is a tool [4] for assessing a patient’s QoL which emphasizes the extent cancer and its related treatments affect patients’ normal functions in all areas of life. There are 22 questions in five domains, including physical functioning, mental functioning, social functioning, general health/well-being, and gastrointestinal symptoms, which use a 7-point Likert scale for scoring; the total score ranges 0 ~ 154. The Chinese version of the FLIC had strong psychometrics for various cancer patients, including breast cancer patients [14, 16]. Cronbach’s α in this study was 0.93, thus showing good reliability of the FLIC.

Symptom severity scale (SSS)

The SSS (26 questions) was used to assess the severity of symptoms experienced by breast cancer patients [17]; it utilizes a 0 ~ 10 visual analog scale (VAS), with 0 being the complete absence of a symptom and 10 representing the worst possible effect a patient could imagine [17]. A higher score indicates more-severe symptoms. The scale contains self-reported assessments of 26 symptoms following cancer treatments after surgery, such as nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, pain, insomnia, tiredness, constipation, difficulty urinating, difficulty breathing, coughing, bloating, dry mouth, mouth ulcers, restlessness, inability to concentrate, appearance changes, bleeding, tremors, fever, numbness, chest tightness, stomach burning, arm swelling, hot flushes, sexual problems, and restricted arm movement after breast cancer treatment. The SSS had strong psychometrics for breast cancer patients [17]. Cronbach’s α coefficient in this study was 0.92.

Performing the shoulder-arm exercise variable

Performing the shoulder-arm exercise for 30 min/day was assessed by one item and modified from the item developed by Cheng and her associates [13]. The shoulder-arm exercises focus on the levator scapulae, upper trapezius, pectoralis major, and medial and lateral rotator muscles of the shoulder [10, 18], and include climbing a wall, rope movement, pulley movement, and shoulder-angle movement each day for 30 min [7, 19] Breast cancer patients received shoulder-arm exercise education after surgery in the hospital from a primary nurse and provided regular feedback on the frequency of performing shoulder-arm exercise to doctors in outpatient clinics. If participants performed shoulder-arm exercise 30 min every day, they answered “Yes”; otherwise, they answered “No” [13].

Statistical analysis

A descriptive analysis was performed on demographic characteristics, the medical status, and main factors (severity of symptoms, performing shoulder-arm exercise 30 min/day, and QoL,) An analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s correlation, and t-test were used to examine differences in relationships among demographic characteristics, medical status, and QoL. Performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day was examined as a mediator of the relationship between symptom severity and QoL, using a multiple regression analysis [20]. The significant confounding factor was first put into the regression model to control the effect on QoL, which was treatment received after surgery. In the next step, a mediation analysis was performed to investigate if performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day mediated the effect of symptom severity on the QoL. Path A was to determine if the severity of symptoms (independent variable) had a significant effect on performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day (the mediation variable). Because the mediator was a categorical variable, a logistic regression was used for path A [21]. Path B was to determine if performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day (mediation variable) had a significant effect on the QoL. Path C was to determine if the severity of symptoms (independent variable) had a significant influence on the QoL. Path C′ was to determine whether a change in the severity of symptoms related to QoL was indirectly affected by performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day (mediation variable). If the severity of symptoms and performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day were two significant predictors of the QoL, performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day would be a partial mediating variable. In addition, if performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day was the only predictor of the QoL, it would be a mediating variable [20]. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (vers. 19.0 for Windows). A p value of < 0.05 indicated that the findings were significant.

Results

Characteristics of participants

Results of the descriptive analysis of women with breast cancer are shown in Table 1. The majority of women (40.2%) were 50 ~ 59 years old, had a senior high school education (35%), had tumor size at the T1 stage (43.6%), and had no lymph node involvement (58.1%). Eighty women (68.4%) had undergone MRM surgery, and 37 (31.6%) had undergone BCT. Most of the participants who were receiving treatment after surgery were undergoing chemotherapy (77.8%). The severity of symptoms and QoL scores were 40.52 (SD = 33.7, range 0 ~ 154) and 107.35 (SD = 23.12, range 44 ~ 153), respectively (Table 1).

Table 1 Descriptive analysis of participants (N = 117)
Full size table

In addition, the treatment received after surgery was a predictor of the QoL (F = 5.410, p = 0.002). Women who had received chemotherapy had a significantly lower QoL than women who had received no chemotherapy in this study (t = 3.467, p = 0.001). Other characteristics and medical status factors were not predictors of the QoL, including age, educational level, tumor size, lymph node involvement, type of surgery, or time after surgery.

Mediation analysis

Figure 1 shows that the severity of symptoms was a significant predictor of performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day (B = -0.017, SE = 0.008, p = 0.023) on path A, and performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day was a significant predictor of the QoL (B = 15.666, SE = 4.542, p = 0.001) on path B. Table 2 presents unstandardized coefficients from the regression model that predicted the QoL from the treatment received after surgery, severity of symptoms, and performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day. Results of model 1 indicated that when receiving chemotherapy after surgery, women had a significantly lower QoL compared to women who had no treatment after surgery (B = -22.659, SE = 6.728, p = 0.001). Model 2 indicates that the severity of symptoms predicted the QoL (B = -0.447, SE = 0.050, p < 0.001). When performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day was entered into model 3, the result of the beta weight of severity of symptoms was still significant (B = -0.426, SE = 0.050, p < 0.001), and shoulder-arm exercises remained a significant predictor of the QoL (B = 8.255, SE = 3.483, p = 0.02). So performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day partially mediated the effect of the severity of symptoms on the QoL among breast cancer patients during 2 ~ 4 months postoperatively (Table 2).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Mediating effect of shoulder-arm exercise on the severity of symptoms and quality of life. Non-standardized path coefficients are presented. A partial mediating effect was found for performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day

Full size image
Table 2 Mediating effect of performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day on the relationship between severity of symptoms and quality of life (N = 117)
Full size table

Discussion

The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether regularly performing shoulder-arm.

exercises for 30 min/day mediated effects of the severity of symptoms on the QoL after surgery in women with breast cancer. In a majority of trials, QoL is only included as a secondary endpoint [22]. In reality, QoL is one of only two clinically relevant patient endpoints [23]. As such, the QoL endpoint should always be a primary endpoint in any clinical trial. More importantly, any trial that evaluates changes in practices should be based on QoL endpoints, and not surrogate endpoints, like the most commonly used progression-free survival (PFS).

Study results showed that the severity of symptoms was a predictor of the QoL during the early period after surgery, which corresponds to past literature that included physical and psychological symptoms of combining surgery and other treatments [14]. In particular, elevated symptom scores were most commonly reported within 6 months after a diagnosis [17]. In addition, the severity of symptoms was a predictor of performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day in this study. When shoulder-arm exercise was added to the regression model of the severity of symptoms on the QoL, the beta weight of the severity of symptoms slightly decreased and had a significant effect on the QoL. So, shoulder-arm exercises were a partial mediator between the relationship of severity of symptoms and the QoL. This demonstrated that shoulder-arm exercises produced an effect on the severity of symptoms on the QoL, so it is important to encourage and support regular shoulder-arm exercises in the early period after breast surgery [7].

The effects of arm disability on the QoL had the same meanings as shoulder-arm exercise on the QoL in this study. Because regular shoulder-arm exercises can prevent lymphedema, the QoL among women who underwent breast surgery could be maintained. QoL is a good indicator of breast cancer women’s mortality, because most cancer survivors experience declines in physical activity and QoL in response to poor treatment compliance [7]. Despite past studies examining exercise-induced functional improvements of the shoulder during 14 days after breast surgery [7, 8], regular shoulder-arm exercises were first demonstrated in this study to reduce the effect of the severity of symptoms on the QoL. The American Cancer Society recommends that it is important to do shoulder-arm exercises after surgery to strengthen the arm and shoulder and prevent breast cancer-related lymphedema after surgery [24, 25]. Based on these study results, protective exercise education about preventing lymphedema should be taken seriously and provided separately from other regular postoperative education.

The concept of a healthy life should be emphasized after breast-surgery treatment [8]. Shoulder-arm exercises are one set of exercises recommended for breast surgery patients and can persist for a long time before other exercise recommendations; the timing of rehabilitation exercise to prevent lymphedema after surgery depends on limitations of the shoulder and arm [6, 8, 17]. Even if cancer treatment-related symptoms of breast cancer patients are reduced by supplementing home exercises after an oncologist’s recommendation (for example fatigue or shoulder ROM) [7, 26], all of the women stopped doing arm exercises when their arms felt better before lymphedema development due to insufficient information and failure to follow recommendations [15]. Outcomes of exercise-related compliance behaviors on the severity of symptoms and the QoL have not been well studied. So details of the exercise process (e.g., the timing of exercise, frequency, etc. and how to increase ROM) should be explored and designed into tailored educational interventions based on symptom severity and QoL from the early post-surgical period to the entire life of breast cancer patients. In addition, interpersonal support and situational support (e.g., a sharing group) can enhance a person’s willingness to perform healthy behaviors, even if they have severe symptoms and lack the time [14, 27]. Although the shoulder-arm exercise is routine education in clinical settings after breast cancer surgery, clinical staff should pay more attention to the completion rate of performing shoulder-arm exercises, and inform patients as to the importance of performing shoulder-arm exercises for 30 min/day and not stopping when their arms feel better early after surgery, especially when undergoing chemotherapy.

There were some limitations in this study. First, this was postoperative research of women with breast cancer from two hospitals in northern Taiwan, so results cannot be inferred to all women after breast cancer surgery. Second, this study lacked baseline data and a comparator, which severely limit interpretation of the QoL. Well-designed and well-executed clinical trials are needed to draw convincing conclusions. Third, effects of demographic and medical-treatment factors on breast-cancer treatment symptoms and the QoL should be repeated and demonstrated with a larger sample, and should include age, educational level, and breast-cancer treatments after surgery. Breast cancer-related symptom clusters may be related to stage and multiple treatments [5]. Fourth, the roles of other manual lymphatic drainage classes which focus on breast-cancer treatment symptoms and QoL should be verified. Fifth, future studies should attempt to understand relationships of other factors on symptom severity and the QoL. For example, the Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) was significant relative to fatigue and QoL [15, 28]. And the KPS was significantly related to QoL among women without and those with locoregional and distant metastases [29]. Finally, the study’s cross-sectional design prevented us from observing cause-effect relationships among symptom severity, regular shoulder-arm exercises, and QoL. Prospective studies are needed to confirm links of symptom severity (especially lymphedema) with regular shoulder-arm exercises and the QoL (as a primary endpoint) among women after breast cancer surgery.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the strength of the mediating role of shoulder-arm exercises that could underlie the relationship between severity of symptoms and QoL among postoperative breast cancer women who received axillary node dissection during surgery. The current findings may be of clinical importance because they suggest the need to routinely consider postoperative shoulder-arm exercises for women with breast cancer. This study also fills in a gap in the literature related to the QoL of women with breast cancer suffering from lymphedema. Future studies can focus on prospective follow-up QoL studies, with larger sample sizes and multiple-time points. In addition, more studies (mainly clinical trials) need to include QoL as a primary endpoint, and not just as a secondary endpoint.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

BCT:

Breast-conserving therapy

FLIC:

Functional Living Index-Cancer

KPS:

Karnofsky Performance Score

MRM:

Modified radical mastectomy

QoL:

Quality of life

ROM:

Range of motion

SSS:

Symptom Severity Scale

VAS:

Visual analog scale

References

  1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne K. Diseases of the breast. 5th ed. New York: Springer; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ganz PA, Guadagnoli E, Landrum MB, Lash TL, Rakowski W, Silliman RA. Breast cancer in older women: QoL and psychosocial adjustment in the 15 months after diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4027–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Schipper H, Clinch J, Mcmurray A, Levitt M. Measuring the QoL of cancer patients: the function living index-cancer: development and validation. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2(5):472–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dodd MJ, Cho MH, Cooper BA, Miaskowski C. The effect of symptom clusters on functional status and QoL in women with breast cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2010;14(2):101–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. McNeely ML, Campbell KL, Rowe BH, Klassen TP, Mackey JR, Courneya KS. Effects of exercise on breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;175(1):34–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kilgour RD, Jones DH, Keyserlingk JR. Effectiveness of a self-administered, home-based exercise rehabilitation program for women following a modified radical mastectomy and axillary node dissection: a preliminary study. Breast Cancer Res Tr. 2008;109(2):285–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. National Cancer Institute. Exercises after breast cancer surgery. 2019. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/surgery-for-breast-cancer/exercises-after-breast-cancer-surgery.html.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bendz I, Fagevik Olsén M. Evaluation of immediate versus delayed shoulder exercises after breast cancer surgery including lymph node dissection – a randomised controlled trial. Breast. 2002;11(3):241–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Moseley AL, Piller NB, Carati CJ. The effect of gentle arm exercise and deep breathing on secondary arm lymphedema. Lymphology. 2005;38(3):136–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. McClure MK, McClure RJ, Day R, Brufsky AM. Randomized controlled trial of the breast cancer recovery program for women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Am J Occup Ther. 2010;64(1):59–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ochalek K, Gradalski T, Partsch H. Preventing early postoperative arm swelling and lymphedema manifestation by compression sleeves after axillary lymph node interventions in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2017;54(3):346–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cheng SY, Kuo SF, Tseng IJ, Liao YM. Exploring the changes and correlates of shoulder function in females receiving breast cancer-related surgery. New Taipei J Nurs. 2016;18(2):39–51 (In Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cheng SY, Lai YH, Chen SC, Shun SC, Liao YM, Tu SH, et al. Changed in QoL among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in Taiwan. J Clin Nurs. 2011;21(1–2):70–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cal A, Bahar Z. Women’s barriers to prevention of lymphedema after breast surgery and home care needs: a qualitative study. Cancer Nurs. 2016;39:E17–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fong DYT, Lee AH, Tung ST, Wong JYH, Chan YM, Goh CR, Cheung YB. The functional living index-Cancer is a reliable and valid instrument in Chinese cancer patients. Qual Life Res. 2014;23:311–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hsiang CY, Lee JZ, Li YW, Cheng SY. Uncertainty and related factors among breast cancer women. New Taipei J Nurs. 2012;14(2):23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mirandola D, Miccinesi G, Muraca MG, Belardi S, Giuggioli R, Sgambati E, et al. Longitudinal assessment of the impact of adapted physical activity on upper limb disability and QoL in breast cancer survivors from an Italian cohort. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(2):329–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lacomba MT, Sanchez MJT, Goni AZ, Merino DP, del Moral OM, Tellez EC, et al. Effectiveness of early physiotherapy to prevent lymphedema after surgery for breast cancer: randomized, single blinded, clinical trial. BMJ. 2010;12:340.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Iacobucci D. Mediation analysis and categorical variables: the final frontier. J Consum Psychol. 2012;22:582–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Schandelmaier S, Conen K, von Elm E, You JJ, Blumle A, Tomonaga Y, Amstutz A, Briel M, Kasenda B. Planning and reporting of quality-of-life outcomes in cancer trials. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:1966–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fiteni F, Westeel V, Pivot X, Borg C, Vernerey D, Bonnetain F. Endpoints in cancer clinical trials. J Visc Surg. 2014;151:17–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hwang SY, Chang SJ, Park BW. Does chemotherapy really affect the QoL of women with breast cancer? J Breast Cancer. 2013;16(2):229–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. DiSipio T, Rye S, Newman B, Hayes S. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Winters-Stone KM, Moe EL, Perry CK, Medysky M, Pommier R, Vetto J, et al. Enhancing an oncologist’s recommendation to exercise to manage fatigue levels in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26:905–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL, Parsons MA. Health promotion in nursing practice. 7th ed. NJ: Person Education, Inc; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sharma N, Purkayastha A. Factors affecting quality of life in breast cancer patients: a descriptive and cross-sectional study with review of literature. J Mid-life Health. 2017;8(2):75–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Costa WA, Eleuterio JJ, Giraldo PC, Goncalves AK. Quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2017;63(7):583–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thanks all participants in this study.

Funding

This study received no funding support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan

    I-Hui Chen, Chia-Hui Wang, Sue-Yueh Cheng, Tzu-Jou Yu & Shu-Fen Kuo

  2. Loretto Heights School of Nursing, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, 3333 Regis Boulevard, G-8, Denver, CO, 80221-1099, USA

    Shu-Yi Wang

Authors
  1. I-Hui Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chia-Hui Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shu-Yi Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sue-Yueh Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tzu-Jou Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shu-Fen Kuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Study conception and purpose were performed by SFK and IHC. Study design was performed by SFK, IHC, CHW, SYW and SYC. Data acquisition was performed by SFK and SYC. Data analysis and interpretation were performed by SFK, IHC and TJY. Draft of the manuscript was written by SFK and IHC. Manuscript was critically revised by SFK, IHC, CHW, SYW, SYC and TJY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shu-Fen Kuo.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from two hospitals’ Institutional Review Board (Cathay General Hospital-IRB and Taipei Medical University Hospital-IRB). All participants were provided an explanation of the study, and written informed consent was obtained prior to recruitment. The questionnaire was filled out and collected in a clinical setting.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, IH., Wang, CH., Wang, SY. et al. Mediating effects of shoulder-arm exercise on the postoperative severity of symptoms and quality of life of women with breast cancer. BMC Women's Health 20, 101 (2020). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12905-020-00968-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12905-020-00968-w

Keywords

BMC Women's Health

ISSN: 1472-6874

Contact us