Serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations and oxidative stress markers associated with symptoms and severity of premenstrual syndrome: a prospective cohort study

Table 4 Associations between mean serum antioxidant and F2-isoprostane concentrations (per 1 unit increase) and odds of 5 or more or 8 or more moderate or severe PMS symptoms or PMS per cycle

	# cycles with PMS (% of total cycles)	Vitamin A (ug/dL)	Vitamin C (ug/dL)	α-tocopherol (ug/dL)	γ-tocopherol (ug/dL)	F2-isoprostane (pg/mL)
	# cycles with PMS (% of total cycles)	OR (95% CI), per ug/dL	OR (95% CI), per ug/dL	OR (95% CI), per ug/dL	OR (95% CI), per ug/dL	OR (95% CI), Per 10 pg/dL
5+ moderate or severe symptoms	167 (34)	0.02 (0.001, 0.56)^a	1.20 (0.75, 1.92)	0.99 (0.90, 1.09)	0.80 (0.54, 1.19)	1.10 (1.02, 1.19)^a
8+ moderate or severe symptoms	67 (14)	0.04 (0.0004, 3.61)	1.06 (0.62, 1.81)	1.02 (0.90, 1.15)	0.47 (0.27, 0.85)^a	1.08 (0.99, 1.17)
PMS-1^a	148 (31)	0.27 (0.01, 5.57)	0.81 (0.53, 1.25)	0.92 (0.83, 1.03)	0.78 (0.52, 1.15)	1.07 (1.01, 1.14)^a
PMS-2^b	111 (24)	0.07 (0.003, 1.93)	1.18 (0.77, 1.81)	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)	0.82 (0.53, 1.27)	1.09 (1.02, 1.17)^a

Adjusted for energy intake, age, BMI, race, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, and pain reliever use
PMS premenstrual syndrome
^aPMS-1: Participant reported 3 or more moderate or severe symptoms, where at least one was psychological and the luteal phase score was 30% greater than the follicular phase
^bPMS-2: Participant reported 5 or more moderate or severe symptoms, where at least one was psychological and the luteal phase score was 30% greater than the follicular phase

ISSN: 1472-6874