Variables | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional vs no method RRR (95% CI) | Modern vs no method RRR (95% CI) | Traditional vs no method RRR (95% CI) | Modern vs no method RRR (95% CI) | Traditional vs no method RRR (95% CI) | Modern vs no method RRR (95% CI) | |
Individual-level factors | ||||||
Educational level | ||||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.52 (1.01–2.75) | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | 1.41 (1.15–1.91) | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) |
Secondary+ | 1.54 (0.90–1.99) | 1.45 (0.97–2.18) | 1.99 (1.57–2.52) | 1.73 (1.46–2.05) | 1.46 (1.15–1.85) | 1.38 (1.16–1.65) |
Decision-making | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 1.32 (0.58–1.17) | 1.11 (0.66–1.88) | 1.36 (0.91–2.04) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.22 (0.85–1.75) | 1.26 (0.94–1.70) |
High | 1.26 (0.57–2.78) | 1.09 (0.65–1.81) | 1.71 (1.18–2.47) | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | 1.05 (0.75–1.45) | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) |
Workforce participation | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.99–1.44) |
Medium | 0.81 (0.56–1.17) | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 1.48 (1.25–1.76) | 1.24 (1.10–1.41) | 1.53 (1.29–1.82) | 1.45 (1.27–1.65) |
High | 1.33 (0.91–1.94) | 1.38 (1.02–1.87) | 1.49 (1.27–1.74) | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) | 1.69 (1.45–1.96) | 1.72 (1.52–1.94) |
Age (years) | ||||||
15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–34 | 1.08 (0.67–1.75) | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) | 1.52 (1.23–1.87) | 1.53 (1.32–1.79) | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | 1.38 (1.19–1.61) |
≥ 35 | 0.83 (0.48–1.41) | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 0.60 (0.48–0.75) | 0.48 (0.40–0.57) |
Religion | ||||||
Buddhist | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Muslim | 0.38 (0.10–1.45) | 0.73 (0.32–1.64) | 0.87 (0.51–1.48) | 0.91 (0.61–1.36) | 0.57 (0.34–0.95) | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) |
Other | 0.09 (0.01–0.70) | 0.63 (0.06–1.23) | 0.42 (0.23–0.76) | 0.72 (0.51–0.99) | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | 1.06 (0.79–1.44) |
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 0.96 (0.78–1.66) | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) |
Region | ||||||
Plains | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Tonle Sap | 1.67 (1.13–2.47) | 1.68 (1.25–2.24) | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) |
Plateau / Mountain | 1.85 (1.17–2.93) | 1.95 (1.39–2.74) | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) |
Phnom Penh | 5.46 (2.71–10.99) | 2.33 (1.27–4.29) | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) | 1.79 (1.29–2.49) | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) |
Age at first marriage | ||||||
≤ 16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
17–20 | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
≥ 21 | 1.41 (0.92–2.17) | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 0.76 (0.51–0.87) | 1.04 (0.86–1.24) | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) |
Total children ever born | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–2 | 6.39 (2.31–17.72) | 8.90 (3.88–20.43) | 5.57 (3.84–8.07) | 18.21 (11.97–27.70) | 5.67 (4.21–7.64) | 20.28 (14.23–28.91) |
≥ 3 | 8.92 (3.11–25.56) | 10.31 (4.39–24.17) | 6.52 (4.41–9.65) | 21.53 (13.99–33.12) | 8.25 (5.95–11.41) | 28.92 (19.97–41.88) |
Wealth | ||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 1.33 (1.09–1.63) | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) |
Rich | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 1.42 (1.01–1.98) | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 0.91 (0.77–1.06) |
Media exposure | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.32 (0.93–1.89) | 1.22 (0.94–1.57) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) |
Perceived distance to HF | ||||||
Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No problem | 1.65 (1.21–2.25) | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 1.30 (1.12–1.50) | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) |
Health insurance | ||||||
No | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | – | – | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) | 0.85 (0.74–0.99) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) |
Partner education | ||||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) | 1.19 (0.86–1.63) | 1.56 (1.21–2.02) | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) |
Secondary and higher | 1.30 (0.79–2.14) | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) | 2.11 (1.61–2.76) | 1.34 (1.13–1.58) | 1.51 (1.16–1.97) | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) |
Community-level factors | ||||||
Community wealth | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 0.83 (0.55–1.26) | 0.99 (0.74–1.35) | 1.51 (1.20–1.91) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.04 (0.89–1.23) |
High | 0.99 (0.56–2.65) | 0.92 (0.60–1.41) | 1.86 (1.35–2.58) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 1.35 (0.99–1.85) | 1.22 (0.94–1.65) |
Community education | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 1.41 (0.94–2.11) | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 1.37 (1.12–1.68) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) |
High | 1.05 (0.67–1.65) | 0.98 (0.71–1.37) | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 1.42 (1.14–1.76) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) |
Community decision-making | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | 0.99 (0.74–1.35) | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | 1.01 (0.87–1.19) |
High | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) |
Community workforce participation | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 1.29 (0.97–1.73) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) | 1.31 (1.07–1.60) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) |
High | 0.88 (0.58–1.32) | 1.29 (0.95–1.76) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) | 1.41 (1.12–1.77) | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) |
Measures of variation | ||||||
Area variance (95% CI) | 0.55 (0.26–1.59) | 0.32 (0.15–0.67) | 0.37 (0.27–0.51) | 0.30 (0.24–0.39) | 0.24 (0.17–0.36) | 0.20 (0.15–0.28) |
ICC (%) | 14.32 | 8.86 | 10.11 | 10.31 | 6.80 | 5.73 |
PCV (%) | 51.33 | 33.33 | 51.95 | 10.71 | 51.02 | 5.26 |
MOR | 2.03 | 1.72 | 1.79 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.53 |
Model fit statistic | ||||||
AIC | 4258.33 | 4258.33 | 19,634.60 | 19,634.60 | 20,406.73 | 20,406.73 |