Table 1 Descriptive of individual- and community level characteristics of study sample
Variables | 2005 (n = 2211) | 2010 (n = 10,505) | 2014 (n = 10,849) |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Educational level | |||
No formal education | 498 (22.5) | 1995 (19.0) | 1662 (15.3) |
Primary | 1323 (59.8) | 5907 (56.2) | 5886 (54.3) |
Secondary+ | 390 (17.7) | 2603 (24.8) | 3301 (30.4) |
Decision-making | |||
Low | 92 (4.2) | 400 (3.8) | 382 (3.5) |
Middle | 409 (18.5) | 1056 (10.1) | 1052 (9.7) |
High | 1710 (77.3) | 9049 (86.1) | 9415 (86.8) |
Workforce participation | |||
Low | 890 (40.2) | 4424 (42.1) | 3393 (31.3) |
Medium | 770 (34.8) | 2972 (28.3) | 3223 (29.7) |
High | 551 (25.0) | 3109 (29.6) | 4233 (39.0) |
Age (years) | |||
15–24 | 368 (16.6) | 1615 (15.4) | 1795 (16.5) |
25–34 | 732 (33.1) | 3898 (37.1) | 4426 (40.8) |
≥ 35 | 1111 (50.2) | 4992 (47.5) | 4628 (42.7) |
Religion | |||
Buddhist | 2142 (96.9) | 10,218 (97.3) | 10,413 (96.0) |
Muslim | 39 (1.8) | 146 (1.4) | 207 (1.9) |
Other | 30 (1.3) | 141 (1.3) | 229 (2.1) |
Residence | |||
Urban | 353 (16.0) | 1893 (18.0) | 1627 (15.0) |
Rural | 1858 (84.0) | 8613 (82.0) | 9222 (85.0) |
Region | |||
Plains | 898 (40.6) | 4345 (41.4) | 4093 (37.7) |
Tonle Sap | 834 (37.7) | 3695 (35.2) | 4003 (36.9) |
Plateau / Mountain | 268 (12.1) | 1448 (13.8) | 1788 (16.5) |
Phnom Penh | 211 (9.6) | 1017 (6.6) | 965 (8.9) |
Age at first marriage | |||
≤ 16 | 423 (19.2) | 1928 (18.3) | 2022 (18.6) |
17–20 | 1078 (48.7) | 5070 (48.3) | 4956 (45.7) |
≥ 21 | 710 (32.1) | 3507 (33.4) | 3871 (35.7) |
Total children ever born | |||
0 | 82 (3.7) | 444 (4.2) | 600 (5.5) |
1–2 | 788 (35.6) | 4450 (42.4) | 5183 (47.8) |
≥ 3 | 1341 (60.7) | 5611 (53.4) | 5066 (46.7) |
Wealth | |||
Poor | 886 (40.0) | 4136 (39.4) | 4293 (39.5) |
Middle | 417 (18.9) | 2059 (19.6) | 2173 (20.1) |
Rich | 908 (41.1) | 4310 (41.0) | 4383 (40.4) |
Media exposure | |||
No | 573 (25.9) | 3715 (35.4) | 3721 (34.3) |
Yes | 1638 (74.1) | 6790 (64.6) | 7128 (65.7) |
Perceived distance to HF | |||
Big problem | 897 (40.6) | 6842 (65.1) | 3956 (36.5) |
No problem | 1314 (59.4) | 3663 (34.9) | 6893 (63.5) |
Health insurance | |||
No | – | 9409 (89.6) | 9172 (84.5) |
Yes | – | 1096 (10.4) | 1677 (15.5) |
Partner education | |||
No formal education | 294 (13.3) | 1265 (12.0) | 1072 (9.9) |
Primary | 1186 (53.7) | 4845 (46.1) | 4995 (46.0) |
Secondary and higher | 731 (33.0) | 4395 (41.9) | 4782 (44.1) |
Contraceptive use | |||
No | 1232 (55.7) | 4716 (44.9) | 4221 (38.9) |
Traditional | 339 (15.4) | 1790 (17.0) | 2043 (18.8) |
Modern | 640 (28.9) | 3999 (38.1) | 4585 (42.3) |
Community-level factors | |||
Community wealth | |||
Low | 658 (29.7) | 3706 (35.3) | 3778 (34.8) |
Middle | 841 (38.1) | 3999 (38.1) | 4426 (40.8) |
High | 712 (32.2) | 2800 (26.6) | 2645 (24.4) |
Community education | |||
Low | 675 (30.5) | 2810 (26.8) | 3481 (32.1) |
Middle | 749 (33.9) | 3668 (34.9) | 3872 (35.7) |
High | 787 (35.6) | 4027 (38.3) | 3496 (32.2) |
Community decision-making | |||
Low | 569 (25.7) | 3643 (34.7) | 3430 (31.6) |
Middle | 723 (32.7) | 3571 (34.0) | 3576 (33.0) |
High | 919 (41.6) | 3291 (31.3) | 3843 (35.4) |
Community workforce participation | |||
Low | 788 (35.6) | 3388 (32.3) | 3941 (36.3) |
Middle | 751 (34.0) | 3795 (36.1) | 3897 (35.9) |
High | 672 (30.4) | 3322 (31.6) | 3011 (27.8) |