Are there associations between religious affiliation and drive for muscularity? A cross-sectional survey of young Muslim women, Christian women and atheist women from Germany

Table 4 Participants’ mean scores on body appreciation, self-esteem, and drive for leanness, thinness, and muscularity (N = 267)

Variable	Veiled Muslim women (n = 70)		Unveiled Muslim women (n = 50)		Christian women (n = 79)		Atheist women (n = 68)		Analysis of variance
Variable	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F	df	p	η_p²
Body appreciation^e	3.83^c,d	0.73	3.55	0.77	3.33^a	0.75	3.38^a	0.71	6.36	3	< .001**	0.07
Self-esteem^f	23.43	5.54	22.38	5.98	22.82	5.72	21.21	6.36	1.71	3	.165	0.20
Drive for leanness^g	16.02^c,d	5.31	16.75^c,d	5.31	19.77^a,b	5.50	19.65^a,b	5.71	8.23	3	< .001**	0.09
Drive for thinness^g	2.56	1.22	2.86	1.41	3.04	1.34	2.85	1.24	1.66	3	.176	0.02
Drive for muscularity^g	1.85	0.58	1.89	0.60	2.01	0.65	1.99	0.62	1.06	3	.368	0.01

**p < .001; *p < .05
^aDiffer significantly from veiled Muslim women (p < .05)
^bDiffer significantly from unveiled Muslim women (p < .05)
^cDiffer significantly from Christian women (p < .05)
^dDiffer significantly from atheist women (p < .05)
^eFour veiled Muslim women, one unveiled Muslim woman, and two atheist women were not included in the analysis because of missing data
^fTwo veiled Muslim women, three unveiled Muslim women, three Christian women, and one atheist woman were not included in the analysis because of missing data
^gFive veiled Muslim women, three unveiled Muslim women, and two Christian women were not included in the analysis because of missing data

ISSN: 1472-6874