Table 4 Characteristics of women who experience intimate partner violence: bivariate comparisons
Variable | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) | Pearson chi2 (p value) | |
|---|---|---|---|
No, n (%) (n = 4780) | Yes, n (%) (n = 5390) | ||
Socioeconomic Determinants | |||
Residential area | |||
Urban | 1864 (39) | 1471 (27.7) | 144.836 (< 0.001)* |
Rural | 2916 (61) | 3838 (72.3) | |
Wealth index | 520.722 (< 0.001)* | ||
Poor | 2095 (43.8) | 3404 (64.1) | |
Middle | 837 (17.5) | 878 (16.5) | |
Rich | 1848 (38.7) | 1027 (19.3) | |
Mother’s age | 15.468 (< 0.001)* | ||
< 20 years | 203 (4.2) | 284 (5.3) | |
20–29 years | 2535 (53) | 2934 (55.3) | |
30–49 years | 2042 (42.7) | 2091 (39.4) | |
Mother’s age at first birth | 85.857 (< 0.001)* | ||
< 20 years | 2561 (53.6) | 3318 (62.5) | |
20–29 years | 2153 (45) | 1950 (36.7) | |
30–49 years | 66 (1.4) | 41 (0.8) | |
Mother’s religion | 37.736 (< 0.001)* | ||
Roman Catholic | 917 (19.2) | 970 (18.3) | |
Protestant/Other Christian | 3011 (63) | 3201 (60.3) | |
Muslim | 747 (15.6) | 916 (17.3) | |
No religion | 105 (2.2) | 220 (4.1) | |
Mother’s education level | 451.636 (< 0.001)* | ||
No education | 790 (16.5) | 1396 (26.3) | |
Primary | 2399 (50.2) | 2964 (55.8) | |
Secondary | 1105 (23.1) | 821 (15.5) | |
Higher | 486 (10.2) | 128 (2.4) | |
Mother’s working status | 4.446 (0.035)* | ||
No | 1695 (35.6) | 1992 (37.7) | |
Yes | 3061 (64.4) | 3296 (62.3) | |
Mother’s mass media usage | 108.929 (< 0.001)* | ||
No | 978 (20.5) | 1566 (29.5) | |
Yes | 3802 (79.5) | 3743 (70.5) | |
Maternal Factors | |||
Desire for pregnancy | 16.520 (< 0.001)* | ||
Then | 3297 (69.2) | 3468 (65.5) | |
Later | 1035 (21.7) | 1268 (23.9) | |
No more | 430 (9) | 559 (10.6) | |
Mother’s BMI | 46.377 (< 0.001)* | ||
< 18.5 | 449 (9.5) | 729 (13.9) | |
> =18.5 | 4284 (90.5) | 4519 (86.1) | |
Sexual autonomy | 28.238 (< 0.001)* | ||
No | 1043 (22) | 1387 (26.6) | |
Yes | 3691 (78) | 3824 (73.4) | |
Mother giving sexual favors | 0.506 (0.477) | ||
No | 4223 (97) | 4625 (96.8) | |
Yes | 129 (3) | 154 (3.2) | |
Health System Factors | |||
Delivery by Caesarean section | 64.548 (< 0.001)* | ||
No | 4360 (91.4) | 5046 (95.3) | |
Yes | 412 (8.6) | 247 (4.7) | |
Delivery assistance | 268.011 (< 0.001)* | ||
Non-health professional | 1547 (33.8) | 2537 (50.4) | |
Health professional | 3024 (66.2) | 2499 (49.6) | |
Place of delivery | 264.970 (< 0.001)* | ||
Home delivery | 1752 (36.8) | 2804 (53) | |
Hospital/other | 3010 (63.2) | 2489 (47) | |
Antenatal care | 54.979 (< 0.001)* | ||
No | 129 (3.7) | 281 (7.7) | |
Yes | 3398 (96.3) | 3355 (92.3) | |
Contraceptive use | 109.172 (< 0.001)* | ||
Not using | 2257 (47.2) | 3059 (57.6) | |
Using | 2523 (52.8) | 2250 (42.4) | |
Paternal Factors | |||
Husband/partner’s age | 109.172 (< 0.001)* | ||
< 29 years | 851 (21.5) | 1111 (24.6) | |
30–39 years | 1892 (47.7) | 1874 (41.5) | |
40–49 years | 883 (22.3) | 990 (21.9) | |
Father’s working status | 50.598 (< 0.001)* | ||
No | 51 (1.2) | 129 (2.6) | |
Yes | 4362 (98.8) | 4783 (97.4) | |
Neonatal Factors | |||
Sex of child | 1.464 (0.226) | ||
Male | 2449 (51.2) | 2656 (50) | |
Female | 2331 (48.8) | 2653 (50) | |
Size of child at birth | 9.008 (0.011)* | ||
Average or larger | 3941 (82.7) | 4326 (81.7) | |
Small or very small | 777 (16.3) | 881 (16.6) | |
Don’t know | 47 (1) | 88 (1.7) | |
Birth weight (Kg) | 325.327 (< 0.001)* | ||
< 2500 | 237 (5) | 208 (3.9) | |
2500–3500 | 2201 (46.3) | 1730 (32.7) | |
> 3500 | 799 (16.8) | 736 (13.9) | |
Not weighed | 1491 (31.3) | 2545 (48.1) | |
Don’t know | 29 (0.6) | 69 (1.3) | |
Birth order and interval | 86.056 (< 0.001)* | ||
2nd/3rd child, > 2 years | 1513 (31.7) | 1472 (27.7) | |
1st child | 1201 (25.1) | 1070 (20.2) | |
2nd/3rd child, ≤2 years | 322 (6.7) | 490 (9.2) | |
4th/higher child, > 2 years | 1345 (28.1) | 1751 (33) | |
4th/higher child, ≤2 years | 399 (8.3) | 526 (9.9) | |
Neonatal mortality | 1.437 (0.231) | ||
Alive | 4675 (97.8) | 5173 (97.4) | |
Dead | 105 (2.2) | 136 (2.6) | |
Infant mortality | 0.099 (0.753) | ||
Alive | 4618 (96.6) | 5123 (96.5) | |
Dead | 162 (3.4) | 186 (3.5) | |
Under-five mortality | 0.933 (0.334) | ||
Alive | 4593 (96.1) | 5081 (95.7) | |
Dead | 187 (3.9) | 228 (4.3) | |