Table 1 Bivariate analysis of the determinants of covert and non-covert contraceptive use among women attending a reproductive health clinic in Sunyani, Ghana

Age

≤25 years

74 (25 %)

34 (32 %)

40 (21 %)

1.86 (1.08–3.19)

0.02

>25 years

226 (75 %)

71 (68 %)

155 (79 %)

1.00

Marital status

Single

76 (26 %)

49 (47 %)

27 (14 %)

5.25 (2.88–9.56)

<0.01

Married or co-habitation

218 (74 %)

56 (53 %)

162 (86 %)

1.00

Highest educational levels

Tertiary

79 (29 %)

35 (35 %)

44 (26 %)

1.55 (0.91–2.67)

0.11

Less than tertiary

189 (71 %)

64 (65 %)

125 (74 %)

Religion

Muslims & traditionalist

70 (36 %)

38 (36 %)

32 (17 %)

2.80 (1.59–4.93)

<0.01

Christians

225 (64 %)

67 (64 %)

158 (83 %)

1.00

Place of residence

Within metropolis

227 (76 %)

77 (73 %)

150 (77 %)

0.83 (0.47–1.43)

0.49

Outside metropolis

73 (24 %)

28 (27 %)

45 (23 %)

1.00

Number of children

None

59 (20 %)

30 (29 %)

29 (15 %)

2.29 (1.27–4.12)

<0.01

At least a child

241 (80 %)

75 (71 %)

166 (85 %)

1.00

Contribution to household cost

>50 %

41 (14 %)

18 (17 %)

23 (12 %)

1.24 (0.61–2.53)

0.10

25–50 %

127 (42 %)

36 (34 %)

91 (47 %)

0.63 (0.37–1.06)

<25 %

132 (44 %)

51 (46 %)

81 (41 %)

1.00

Contraceptive method currently used by respondent

Implants

36 (12.8 %)

12 (11.9 %)

24 (13.3 %)

1.08 (0.50–2.34)

0.10

Combined oral contraceptive pills

54 (19.2 %)

27 (26.7 %)

27 (15.0 %)

2.17 (1.15–4.09)

Intrauterine device

23 (8.2 %)

9 (8.9 %)

14 (7.8 %)

1.39 (0.57–3.44)

Injectable

168 (76 %)

53 (66 %)

115 (81 %)

1.00

Respondent’s duration of use of modern FP method

>12 months

127 (42 %)

38 (36 %)

89 (46 %)

0.82 (0.45–1.49)

0.13

7–12 months

88 (29 %)

38 (36 %)

50 (26 %)

1.47 (0.79–2.73)

0–6 months

85 (28 %)

29 (28 %)

56 (28 %)

1.00

Respondents’ desired interval to next or first child

≥4 years

70 (23 %)

34 (33 %)

36 (19 %)

2.13 (1.22–3.71)

0.01

<4 years

228 (67 %)

70 (67 %)

158 (81 %)

1.00

Respondent’s willingness to recommend FP to friends

Yes

285 (95 %)

97 (92 %)

188 (96 %)

0.45 (0.16–1.29)

No

15 (5 %)

8 (8 %)

7 (4 %)

1.00

Respondents considers FP to conflict with her religious beliefs

Yes

97 (32 %)

41 (39 %)

56 (29 %)

1.56 (0.96–2.63)

0.06

No

203 (68 %)

64 (61 %)

139 (71 %)

1.00

Respondent’s main source of FP information^b

Friends

109 (36 %)

47 (45 %)

62 (32 %)

N/A

N/A

Mass media

167 (56 %)

58 (55 %)

109 (56 %)

Husband

24 (8 %)

0 (0 %)

24 (12 %)