Level health service | Lack of trust in FP service provider | Â | + | Â | + | Â | + | + | + |
Unavailability of information on methods | Â | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Unavailability of modern methods | Â | + | Â | + | Â | + | + | Â | |
Level household or community | Opposition from family | + | + | + | Â | Â | Â | Â | + |
Opposition from community leaders | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | + | |
Level couple | Lack of couple discussing FP | + | Â | + | + | + | Â | Â | + |
Level partner | Partner’s fear of infidelity/promiscuity | + | + | + | + | + | + |  | + |
Limited male involvement in FP issues | Â | Â | Â | + | + | Â | Â | + | |
Level woman | Religious belief | + | + | + | + | Â | + | Â | + |
Desire to space | + | + | Â | Â | + | Â | Â | + | |
Reproductive obligation | + | + | + | + | + | Â | Â | Â | |
Woman’s level of education |  | + |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
Misconception on FP method | Â | + | + | + | + | + | Â | + | |
Fear of domestic violence | + | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Fear of stigma | + | Â | + | Â | Â | + | Â | + | |
Fear of side effects | Â | + | Â | + | + | Â | Â | Â | |
Lack of autonomy in decision making | + | Â | Â | + | + | + | Â | Â | |
 | Country | Ghana | India | Uganda | Uganda | Tanzania | Tanzania | Ethiopia | Guatemala |
 | Publication | Bawah et al. 1999 [39] | Hall et al., 2008 [38] | Kabagenyi et al., 2014 [19] | Kaida et al., 2005 [40] | Mosha et al., 2013 [21] | Plummer et al., 2006 [41] | Sonalkar et al., 2013 [50] | Ward et al., 1992 [35] |