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Table 2 Screening characteristics and outcomes of women with diabetes mellitus who underwent cervical screening via hr-HPV DNA testing and VIA (n = 198)

From: Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women with diabetes mellitus in Accra, Ghana

Screening characteristic

Estimate

Normal vulval inspection findings, n (%)

198 (100.0)

Normal vaginal inspection findings, n (%)

198 (100.0)

Cervical inspection, n (%)

 

Normal

195 (98.5)

Abnormal

3 (1.5)

TZ type on visual inspectionα (VIA or colposcopy)

 

1

4 (2.0)

2

5 (2.5)

3

185 (93.4)

Missing, n = 4

 

Screening outcome (prevalence estimates)

 

Overall hr-HPV positive, % (95% CI)

21.7 (16.1–28.1)

HPV16

1.5 (0.3–4.4)

HPV18

1.5 (0.3–4.4)

Other HPV type(s)

20.7 (15.3–27.0)

hr-HPV-positive by DM type, % (95% CI)

 

Type 1 DM

37.5 (15.2–64.6)

Type 2 DM

19.8 (13.9–26.7)

Other/unspecified

25.0 (8.7–49.1)

Single vs. mixed hr-HPV infections, % (95% CI)

 

HPV16 only

0.5 (0.0–2.8)

HPV18 only

0.5 (0.0–2.8)

Other HPV type(s) only

18.7 (13.5–24.8)

HPV16 + other HPV type(s)

1.0 (0.1–3.6)

HPV18 + other HPV type(s)

1.0 (0.1–3.6)

VIA ‘positive’, % (95% CI)

1.5 (0.3–4.4)

  1. hr-HPV, high-risk human papillomavirus; TZ, transformation zone; VIA, visual inspection with acetic acid; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus
  2. α Transformation zone types
  3. TZ1: The entire circumference of the squamocolumnar junction is visible; fully ectocervical
  4. TZ2: The entire circumference of the squamocolumnar junction is visible; partly or fully endocervical
  5. TZ3: The entire circumference of the squamocolumnar junction is not visible; partly or fully endocervical